Marijuana Use For Medical And Recreational Purposes

The history of marijuana use goes back thousands of years. Marijuana is a potent, mind-altering substance derived from the Cannabis plant. It has been used for both medical and recreational purposes. It is a Schedule-1 drug or a controlled substance under federal law in the United States, which means it is an illegal drug. According to the National Institute of Drug Abuse Center (2014), marijuana is the number one most commonly used substance among adolescents and synthetic marijuana is second, which has a severe concern on health (NIDAC, 2014). Research on marijuana for medical purpose is ongoing. In the United States, the legalization of marijuana has been a debatable subject in recent years. More and more states are legalizing†¦show more content†¦He tried marijuana for first time at his high school prom. After that, he started using marijuana occasionally with his friends during party. Marco said that he started experiencing leg pain when he was 2nd year in college. In addition, he was experiencing loss of appetite. He stated, â€Å"I lost 20 lbs. of weight in one month. Doctors did not find any reason of my weight loss. My parents would do anything to get rid of my pain.† (Marco, personal interview, September 15, 2015). According to Marco when he start to take prescription marijuana, his leg pain started to subside and he started to regain his weight back (Marco, personal interview, September 15, 2015). According to the article of Arenas 2015, recent research finding human body has endocannabinoid system just like endorphin, which is a form of body’s natural painkiller. â€Å"This endocannabinoid system controls the regulation of movement, pain, appetite, memory, immunity, blood pressure, bone density, reproduction, inflammation, etc.†(Arenas, 2015, p. 15). This research cleared many peoples doubts about effectiveness of marijuana use for chronic pain, improve appetite, spasticity, etc. Marijuana contains Tetrahyrocannabinol plus 400 other chemicals. Chemical compound calls tetrahyrocannabinol (THC) is the main mind-altering or psychoactive component of marijuana. THC activates brain cell to release a dopamine (a chemical released by nerve cells to send signals to other nerve cells), which makes people feels high

English Colonies in North America (Ap Us History)

AP US History English Colonies in North America Before the seventeenth century, countries such as Portugal and Spain had controlled the rich lands of the Americas, and England was left out of the race due to religious conflict back home. However, when Queen Elizabeth came into power, England’s power also rose in the colonial game in the America. Some of the first colonies they gathered are the ones of Virginia and Carolina. They also acquired the colonies of Massachusetts Bay and Rhode Island. Pennsylvania and New York were other colonies that they gathered too. These six colonies are a part of the famous first thirteen colonies that we know of today, and their formation and purposes helped to form America into the nation it is today.†¦show more content†¦John Winthrop was a prominent figure with his formation of Boston, the â€Å"City upon the Hill.† While the colony did not have universal suffrage, all â€Å"freemen† (Puritans) had the right to vote, and that repre sented about forty percent of the population. Religious leaders then, had great power, but they weren’t allowed to hold public office, which was one of the first representations of separation of church and state. While the Puritans came to America for religious freedom, they had little regard for religious dissenters, which led to the formation of another colony, Rhode Island. Roger Williams, a minister, disliked how Puritan morality was seeping into laws and government, as well as the colonists’ treatments of natives, and because of his beliefs, was banished from Massachusetts Bay in 1635. After his banishment, he established Rhode Island, a colony built upon total freedom for all people, including the unpopular Catholics and Jews. Since Rhode Island was open to all religions, â€Å"outcasts† and refugees from Massachusetts and other colonies followed Williams to Rhode Island, leading to the colony being nicknamed â€Å"Rouge’s Island.† An uncommo n difference in Rhode Island from other colonies, was that it was self-governing, which meant little interruption from the crown back in England. 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Causes of Ignorance Free Essays

Illiteracy is directly related to two main causes; Schools and Parents/Environment. Schools maintain letter grades that represent the performance and outcome of the students. Grades throughout the semester, cumulative grades and final outcomes. We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Ignorance or any similar topic only for you Order Now When taking a step back and looking at society and seeing how much ignorance and illiteracy there is it really makes you begin to think about whether or not that is not only the type of environment you wish to be in but whether or not you wish to raise your children there. Typically the schools represent the environment. School funding is also a very large problem that is a leading cause of illiteracy. Many schools simply do not have enough funds to buy the proper, updated and on grade level books. This causes the children to have below average and grade level reading levels, comprehension skills and general knowledge. On a day to day basis parents are blamed for the illiteracy of their children; whether it be because they are not encouraging their children to learn and read, or attend school in general to even try. In many cases the parents are not supportive of their children because they do not want to see them succeed and surpass their families expectations for them. Perhaps this is because they may feel intimidated or as if the child is overstepping some kind of authoritative boundary. Typically the overall education level of a parent is what determines their behavior towards their children and the kind of future that they want them to achieve. If the child’s parent did not go very far in their college career, if any college at all then they usually do not press the importance of graduating with a strong degree to be successful. Some believe that schools may also be to blame because the expectations are set too high. In reality many schools just expect too little. Many children need challenges in order to further themselves. By marking a level and saying â€Å"This is what we feel you need to know by this age. † it puts realistic expectations. They do this because the testing that is provided at the end of a high school career that is required to be taken, cannot be altered for any child. They need to be prepared for these tests and in order to do well on them classroom standards must be met. Teachers are as supportive as the student allows them to be. Proper measures and steps need to be taken in order for students to live up to those expectations. Depending on the location of the school, funding is a tremendous problem. You cannot run a school off of nothing. Without proper methods of payment for the teachers, there would be none. Without money to buy the textbooks and teaching supplies, there would be no classes and curriculum for the students to follow. The end result of ill-funded schools is poor educations or none at all. Without proper updated textbooks children would not be kept up on current events; nor would they have the ability to use their common knowledge of today’s society. Comprehension skills, in the context of different teaching/learning theories beginning decades ago, up to theories still used and replaced today. Reading levels and the ability to practice reading skills in order to raise the levels for proper education consumption. Illiteracy is based on three sole factors that I have previously stated. Had many schools had better funds and systems to raise money the illiteracy rate would drop severely. The typical factors will not easily be cared for but with the proper dedication and skills, can steadily decrease illiteracy in children which in turn results in illiterate adults. How to cite Causes of Ignorance, Papers

Shen Kua Essay Example For Students

Shen Kua Essay Astronomy 201Astronomer, Shen KuaShen Kua was born in China in the year 1026. Shen Kua was born to Shen Chou and his wife Hsa. His family had an unbroken tradition of being civil servants. Thus his father was a local administrator of many posts from Szechwan in the west to the international port of Amoy. At Sixteen years old Shen Kua left his home to travel with his father from post to post. While traveling with his father, Shen Kua learned the responsibilities of a local administrator. These responsibilities include a broad range of technical and managerial problems in public works, finance, improvement of agriculture, and maintenance of waterways. In 1051 his father died and after a two year mourning period Shen Kua received his first appointment as a local administrator at the age of twenty two. Soon after his appointment he showed his skill in ability to plan by designing and overseeing a drainage and embankment system that reclaimed some hundred thousand acres of swampland for agriculture. A few years later he passed the national examinations and was assigned a post in Yangchow. While in Yangchow he impressed the Governor Chang Chu so much that he recommended that Shen be appointed to the department of Financial Administration. It was about this time that he began to study astronomy. His first works as an astronomer came when he set down clear explanations concerning the sphericity of the sun and the moon as proved by lunar phases, of eclipse limits and the retrogradation of the lunar nodes. These explanations gave the ability to visualize motions in space Which in the past was only best implicit in numerical procedures of traditional astronomy and seldomly discussed in technical writing. Because of this work Shen was given an additional appointed as director of the Astronomical Bureau. His first project as director was a major calendar reform. This reform started with a series of daily observations of the stars that lasted over five years. While these observations where being performed Shen realized the need for a major redesign of major astronomical instruments. The most significant change that Shen made was to the gnomon. The gnomon was still being used to measure the noon shadow and fix the solstices. Shen redesigned the armillary sphere that is used to make angular measurements, and the clepsydra which determines the time that observations are made. He improved the armillary sphere by improving the diameter of the naked eye sighting tube. Shen noticed that the polestar could no longer be seen in the sighting tube at night. He slowly widened the tube by using the plots of the polestar three times a night for three months to adjust the aim. His new calibration revealed that the tube was slightly three degrees off. The clepsydra also had calibration problems as well, in the past day and night were separately divided by hours. Shen realized that day and night hours were different from season to season. The time was read from float rods in an overflow-tank. Shen saw these problems and proposed a new design for these float tanks. Shen also made his mark in his discussions of solar, lunar, and eclipse phenomena. This by far was the most extraordinary of his cosmological hypothesis that accounts for variations in planetary motions that include retrogradation. Shen noted that the greatest planetary anamoloy happened near stationary points. He proposed a model that suggested that the planet moved in the shape of a willow leaf attached to one side of a periphery circle. The way the planets changed thier direction of motion in respect to the stars was explained by the travel from one point of the leaf to the other. This served the same purpose as the epicycle served in Europe Shens writings were in part considered to be the highest achievement in traditional Chinese mathematical astronomy. After his impeachment from office at the age of fifty-one Shen moved to a small piece of land in the country. It was there that Shen completed three books and an atlas of China. One of these books was called Brush Talks From The Dream Brook. This book includes some of Shen Kuas most elaborate ideas on such things as regularities underlying the phenomenal, technical skills, deliberations of materia medica, and many miscellaneous notes. .u13 387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553 , .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553 .postImageUrl , .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553 , .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553:hover , .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553:visited , .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553:active { border:0!important; } .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553:active , .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18 px; top: 0; } .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553 .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13387350a4739c88cd224764a6feb553:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Necessity of Prenuptial agreements within Australi Essay

Symbolism In A Christmas Carol Essay Example For Students

Symbolism In A Christmas Carol Essay A Christmas Carol, written by Charles Dickens is a straightforward narrative, which effectively uses symbolism to develop the major theme of the novel, Mankind is everyones business. Dickens careful choice of words demonstrates his excellent use of this literary technique. He begins his use of symbolism with the books title and carries through to the end of the story. The characters in A Christmas Carol also reflect symbolism. The main character, Scrooge, whose name comes from the words screw and gouge, means hard-hearted. Marley, Scrooges deceased business partner, represents the conscience of mankind. The three ghosts who visit Scrooge on Christmas Eve stand for memory, charity and the fear of death. By effectively blending symbolism into his characters and various objects within the novel, Dickens reminds his readers of the importance of taking notice of those around them. In the opening Stave of A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens describes Scrooge as a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutch, covetous old sinner. Scrooge symbolizes all that dampens the Christmas spirit? greed, selfishness and a lack of consideration for mankind. We will write a custom essay on Symbolism In A Christmas Carol specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Dickens clearly shows Scrooges character when two gentlemen approach him about a donation to help the poor at Christmas. Scrooge insists, Its not my business. Its enough for a man to understand his own business and not interfere with other peoples. The main characters Bah! Humbug! attitude is further seen in his treatment of his one employee, Bob Cratchit. The author characterizes Bob Cratchit as meek and gentle, which sharply contrasts Scrooges sour disposition and harsh treatment of mankind. Dickens uses Bob Cratchits character to symbolize the difficulties facing the lower class in England. Due to the meager salary, Bob Cratchit is unable to afford the necessary medical treatment for his youngest son, Tiny Tim. Cratchit is also faced with the reality of having to give his son a paupers funeral in the third stave of the novel. Dickens used this picture to address and undermine upper class prejudices, awaken readers to the harsh realities of poverty and bring attention to the strict, unjust laws governing those in poverty during the Victorian Era. As the story continues, Jacob Marleys ghost visits Scrooge. Through Marleys character, Dickens furthers his use of symbolism to expand the major theme in the book. Jacob Marley, a miser much like Scrooge, is suffering the consequences of his greedy ways in his afterlife. He appears to Scrooge draped in a heavy chain made of cashboxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers, deeds, and heavy purses wrought in steel. Dickens cleverly uses the chain to represent Marleys misplaced values while on earth and the misery he must now suffer because of his selfishness. Scrooge learns that he too wears a chain, much larger and longer than Marleys. Jacob warns Scrooge that any human who does not socialize with others during his life must travel among them in death. Dickens uses Marleys warning as a way to express the novels major theme, Mankind is my business. The welfare was my business; charity, mercy, forbearance, and benevolence were all my business. Marley warns Scrooge he must change his ways or he too will suffer the same fate. Before leaving, Marley tells Scrooge of three more spirits that will visit him and hopefully change his destiny. At a designated time, each spirit appears to Scrooge, taking him on a journey through his miserable life. The first ghost, Christmas Past, comes as both a child and a man with a bright, clear jet of light shooting from the top of his head. Dickens uses this spirit to symbolize the experiences in a persons life that influence who he or she becomes. The Ghost of Christmas Past takes Scrooge from his boyhood, as a solitary child, neglected by his friends, to the point where his fianc? Â © rejects him. Belle sees no future with a man obsessed with money and warns Scrooge to be happy in the life you have chosen. The second ghost appears as a great giant dressed in a green robe and surrounded by food. The Ghost of Christmas Present represents all of missed opportunities in life to help others. .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 , .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .postImageUrl , .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 , .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:hover , .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:visited , .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:active { border:0!important; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:active , .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191 .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubb823f19d7abcea4d6055b360976d191:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Withered Arm EssayThis ghost leads Scrooge through the city streets showing him how others celebrate Christmas. While at the home of his clerk, Bob Cratchit, a small, weak child catches Scrooges attention. When asked if the child, Tiny Tim, will live, the ghost informs Scrooge that unless things change the child will die. When Scrooge protests, he is haunted by his earlier words, If they would rather die, they had better do it and decrease the surplus population. As the spirit begins to fade away Scrooge notices two horribly dirty children tucked under his robe. Dickens uses these children, Ignorance and Want, to further his theme. They symbolize the difficulties facing the poor and mankinds obligation to them. The last ghost that appears forces Scrooge to look into his future. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come is a phantom shrouded in a deep black garment, which concealed its head, its face, its form, and left nothing of it visible save one outstretched hand. This spirit symbolizes fear of the future and of death. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come forces Scrooge to look into the future at a dead man whose passing goes unmourned by family and friends. Scrooge also returns to the Cratchit home and observes a funeral being planned for Tiny Tim. As the final scene in the Stave unfolds, Scrooge finds himself in a churchyard overrun by grass and weeds. Scrooge is startled when he sees his own gravestone. He realizes he must reverse his ways or this will become his fate. In his final words to the Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come Scrooge promises to change, I will honor Christmas in my heart and try to keep it all the year. I will live in the Past, Present, and the Future. The spirits of all three shall strive within me. I will not shut out the lessons that they teach. In his novel, A Christmas Carol, Charles Dickens is a master at using symbolism to develop his theme. Through his careful detailed descriptions of objects, characters and their actions, Dickens takes his readers on a symbolic journey exploring the theme, Mankind is everyones business. A Christmas Carol clearly shows how self-serving, insensitive people can be converted into charitable, caring members of society. As Dickens so clearly illustrates, if a society is to succeed, the business of mankind should not be the responsibility of just a few individuals, but should be everyones concern. In order to make the world a better place, everyone must take an active role in improving the lives around them.

Education in Dead Poets Society essays

Education in Dead Poets Society essays Dead Poets Society is a film set in 1959 at Welton Academy, a private all boys prep school in the United Sates of America. It is a moving story that explores one of the most confronting issues faced by young adults in everyday life, conformity, and how a group of young boys, with the encouragement from their teacher Mr. Keating, learn to Seize the day! and become free thinkers. Todays society is definitely one of conformity, especially among those from younger generations. Look around any playground in America, or Australia, and it is instantly recognizable what the current trends are. If someone is not conforming to the trends chances are that they are rebelling because that also is seen as cool by their peers. The need for free and independent thinking in the 21st Century is not necessary. Dead Poets Society challenges this conformity within society and looks at the role of education in forming and shaping individuals for the future. Bill Beattie once said The aim of education should be to teach us rather how to think, than what to think. Welton Academy, like society, tries to teach its students what to think rather than giving them the freedom to learn how to think, in the words of Mr. Nolan, Tradition, John. Discipline. Prepare them for college, and the rest will take care of itself. Traditionally education was a foundation that could not be broken or altered. Students were force fed information, the greatness of a poem was measured on a scale with perfection plotted on the horizontal and importance plotted on the vertical, the overall area of the poem representing its greatness. Education today is more in line with Mr. Keatings views on education, I always thought the idea of education was to learn to think for yourself. Students today are not asked to rate a poem on a graph, instead they are asked how the poem appeals to them, what are their own though...

BUsiness ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUsiness ethics - Essay Example The intended result may not justify the means, and the act remains immoral. In the article, Nagel seeks to make the distinction in an attempt to create a moral framework by which to view the Vietnam war and its atrocities, or war and massacre in general. His concern is to develop a consistent and cogent set of elements by which particular acts of war may be adjudged as to whether they are right or wrong. The chosen article was published in the December 2006 issue of the prestigious Fortune magazine, which is widely subscribed by managers and executives. It deals with the trade of ‘conflict diamonds’, or diamonds that were mined through the exploitation of the poor citizens of these African states. Ordinarily, the businessman has a right to make a profit and the customer a right to buy the product. However, where the product is but a luxury, it raises the question why the workers should be denied fair treatment and a decent standard of living. In this light, the businessman’s right to a profit and the customer’s right to acquire a product must be denied to protect the workers’ fundamental human rights. However, should the diamond trade be banned, there would be the corollary issue of whether it is right to deprive these workers of their only source of livelihood. The dilemma is that closure of the business puts a stop to one evil and spawns another. While legitimate diamond companies have taken steps to contain the illegal trade, its complete eradication is a near impossibility. Thus the workers can do little more than tolerate the present state of affairs, or face starvation. (Fortune Magazine) -- Sahr Amara is stooped low, knee-deep in a muddy river, in the fifth hour of his workday. As he has each day for the past week, the 18-year-old will earn a stipend of only 7 cents, enough to buy himself a bowl of porridge to see

Chinese shadow banking and how it affects other countries Essay

Chinese shadow banking and how it affects other countries - Essay Example IMF is of the opinion that shadow banking is existent around the globe, and the same practice has both practical and negative implications on the countries that choose to embrace the form of banking. China has been on the frontline to embrace the shadow banking. As seen in the research conducted by Suzuki, the improvement of shadow banking among the Chinese was set to ensure that China’s economy is transformed to an extent that the country would avoid a massive downturn (35). This aspect, as the author indicates, is linked to the fact that China’s shadow banking was linked to direct finance where the investors directly incurred the costs and risks of procuring primary securities supplied by different firms in the capital markets (Suzuki 36). The author continues to accredit the success of China’s shadow banking to the support of the political sphere (Suzuki 38). Through the political good will in China, shadow banking is said to have revolutionized China’s economy to a positive side and even placed China at a better place to compete with other countries on the regional level. The success of shadow banking as Suzuki indicates, has seen its success thanks to governments control on the chief economic resources such as the loans given by the banks (38). From the International Monetary Fund’s research, China has been rated as the fifth in regard to FSB rating (74). Going with these statistics, China has reported growth in terms of GDP with its bank credits expanding with the day. This will indeed have impacts on other countries in terms of trade with other countries such as Malaysia that has recorded an increased household debts as well as Thailand that id recording debts since 2007 (International Monetary Fund 77). From these statistics, it is almost obvious that China’s shadow banking has helped China compete strongly with other partners in the global market and even outdo some of the

Exam 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Exam 3 - Essay Example In the science of linguistics there are hundreds of commonly used terms and abbreviations that help linguists to simply analysis of language. The most fundamental task when looking at the diagram is to define the terms and abbreviations contained in the diagram, logically starting at the top left position and moving to the bottom right along with the flow of the arrows (another communication tool). This will assist the non-linguist onlooker, who can then drawn on his own background—as well as the help given in this paper—to comprehend the meaning of linguistic terms. The most prominent term in the diagram is Lexicon. The lexicon is the vocabulary a language is made up of, which a combination of words and expressions. It is considered to be made up of lexemes, or different forms of the same word or expression (SIL International, 2011). An example would be â€Å"run, runs, ran and running,† a single lexeme. ... The abbreviation LF in linguistics stands for â€Å"logical form† and the abbreviation PF stands for the â€Å"phonetic form†, both of which are listed on the same level indicating that they are semantically equivalent (Freely, 2009). The phonetic form is shown to give rise to the phonetic output, of the literal words communicated, while the logical form gives rise to the linguistic meaning, which relies much more on the background of the speaker as shown by the additional arrows connecting extralinguistic knowledge with the final utterance meaning. The utterance meaning may be understood by the non-linguist, as in the case of the friend given in the exam problem, to be the meaning of a word or phrase. By defining the abbreviations terms given in the diagram, one could explain to a non-linguistic, such as the friend in the problem, that the diagram ultimately represents a way to understand word of phrase meaning in a logical and scientific fashion. In linguistics there are many forms of diagrams. The form demonstrated in this diagram is a flow chart. It is read from top to bottom, and from left to right, which is the standard in western cultures. Because the diagram subject is United States English, this form is the most logical, implying that most people that are to use the chart are also from western societies. If the diagram was aimed at eastern cultures, for instance Chinese or Japanese readers, a right to left orientation would be more appropriate. In the diagram, lexicon is given the highest priority by its placement at the top left. The secondary category defines the language type, US English, which also has the implications that many other languages exist and may be treated by similar diagrams. The child of the language

Solid Waste Management Problems In Cameroon

Solid Waste Management Problems In Cameroon Solid waste management which can be seen as the systematic control of generation, collection, storage, transport, source of separation processing, treatment ,recovery, and disposal of solid waste Globalization has raised some troubling concerns for the developing world, including Cameroon. One of such concern is its impact on urbanization and the ramification that goes with it. Cities are traditionally engines of social of social modernization and economic growth and at the same time the theatres in which globalization stage it actions. For Cameroon this has just help to increase the already unban problems and challenges that go with it. With municipal solid waste management is the main challenge. The constant increased in flows of goods and services, and change in life style and also ways of consumption had affected the waste sector directly or indirectly. Municipal solid waste management constitutes one of the most crucial health and environmental health problems facing the Limbe u rban city council. This is so because even though these city is using 30percent of their budget in solid waste management, only 20-50 percent of the waste is been collected. Illegal dumped still constitute 50 percent of health and environmental degradation. This paper will attempt s to examine increase in urbanization have impacted on the management of municipal solid waste sector in Cameroon using the case of Limbe. In conclusion, this paper will suggest some solutions to the current waste management problems in Cameroon cities. Location of Study Area Limbe is a town in Fako Division of the South West region of Cameroon is located in an active an active and dynamic coastal zone. Limbe is located along the rocky coast of Cameroon and covers a surface area of about 674 kmÂÂ ² (Limbe Town Planning Office, 2000). Source Limbe Urban Council (2005) Definition of Key Term Solid Waste By definition, solid waste includes but is not limited to trash, yard waste, used motor oil, household chemicals, building materials, and demolition materials. Solid waste does not include rock, dirt or brick. What are the Factors influencing municipal solid waste Generation in Cameroon? In order to prepare a good planned on municipal solid waste management system, it is important to know the quantity of waste generated by the community and also the different types of waste. Solid waste generation differs from place to place and country to country. Solid waste production and composition are influenced by the consumption pattern, climate, season, cultural practice, etc. Population size is an important course or influence of municipal solid waste generation, even though other factors also influence it. There is a positive reciprocal relationship between city population size and both the percentage of waste collection from households. The constant increase in population and the city size as a hole poses a hell of problems solid waste management in Cameroon. In Limbe, A current figure shows that the present population of Limbe is estimated at 84,223 according to the 2005 population census. Increase in solid waste from 100 to 150 tons per day. The city area has also increase to about 6000 hectares, with about 4000 hectares of residential and commercial areas. The collection rates have increase dramatically from like 10 percent in the early 1990s to the present 30-60 percent execution by Cameroon hygiene and Sanitation Company popularly known as (HYSACAM) which is a French acronym for Hygiene et slubritedu Cameroon, the municipal solid waste management c ompany in Limbe. The management of solid waste is in the hands of the Limbe city council and some private N.G.O.s operating in around the city. In Cameroon, the waste stream is mostly made up of garbage. Garbage which constitutes 60-70 percent of all the various types of waste includes, waste from sales of produce and meals, house hold preparation like cooking and serving of food; market refuse and handling. We also have what is known as non-biodegradable rubbish which constitutes paper, carton, plastics, rubber, glass, tin cans, etc. More so, other sources include: ashes, abandon vehicles, street sweeping, non-hazardous industrial waste, etc. Public and private sectors and sewage treatment centers also generate waste. Imported goods, like second hand vehicles, electronics and house hold equipments from Europe, Asia and America .This goods with little or no life span, will spend with their Cameroon owners before been consider as waste. All these is been influence due to changing in consumption habits by some Cameroonians. Solid waste Composition In terms of composition, solid waste differs from town to town depending on the economic level of the cities or towns. It also depends on other factors such as the geographical location of the cities, energy resources, climate, cultural habits and standard of living of the population. Most of the big cities in Cameroon have high percentage of organic matter in their waste stream with high moisture content making them unsuitable for incineration. Over the years, many plastics, glass, paper, metal, textile and leather had find their way into the municipal waste stream due to the rapid economic expansions taking place in the cities. Transportation and collection methods of solid waste management More than three quarter of the waste management budget of the Limbe city council is been spent on transportation of solid waste alone, due to lack of technological knowhow only a smaller percentage is been spent on waste treatment or recycling. In Limbe, three main collection systems could identify: the primary collection at the household level by individuals, secondly collection method by the urban council which is the official method and finally by private contractors. Since the early days, they had been different traditional methods of waste disposal and agents in Cameroon as a hole. For example the burning of trash and rubbish from homes and work places. All of these methods have been reduce, since the Limbe council re-contracted the management of solid waste in the hands of HYSACAM which is a private company so many things have change. This solid waste management company known as HYSACAM had been operating in Cameroon for a very long time in various urban cities. They position p ortable public skips of various sizes (1mÂÂ ³, 3mÂÂ ³, 6mÂÂ ³, 9mÂÂ ³and 16mÂÂ ³) on the strategic positions of the city and empty them on planned daily schedule.150 bins of 3mÂÂ ³to 16mÂÂ ³category exist today (Monkam et al.2000).These skips are of various seizes depending on the generation capacity and also the level of accessibility of the area. Dumper trucks of various classes had been imported by HYSACAM for the collection and removing of dumping waste of the city of Limbe. Sweeping of some of the main streets is done manually by some of their employers and also by one mechanical van present for this use. Many problems do exits, because these equipment do break down time and again due to poor management and inexperience drivers, they had record so many accidents .The equipment are also so expensive to maintain and run. All this had made the population to have mix feelings about their operation. However HYSACAM had succeeded in removing about 3 0-60 percent of the waste today, which is a great improvement. Some waste management equipments in Limbe Source:Photos by gefominyen.com Problems encounter by the municipal authorities Limbe is a growing third world city with the constant challenge by urbanization and industrilization trends,population increase and consequent rise of waste.The city of Limbe and its authorities face major problems relating to public health and enviromental pollution.Lack of political will,poor government policy,lack of approprate economic and human resources,and weak local institutions result in poor waste management.Although the Limbe municipality had increasingly involved in solid waste management,lack of institutional and infrastructure facilities,and alsolack of resources are hindering the efforts. In addition,one of the main problem is the use of traditional approach by the municipal authorities,they monopolise solid waste management projects,using command-and-rule startegies,ignoring other stakeholders and ill-adapted imported tecnology is common in Cameroon cities.This traditional or cultural approach does not really help much the situation of solid waste management in Limbe as a hol.The neglect of these other practitionals in this sector had worsen the scenario.This can be seen in most parts of the city,streets are almost blocked by solid waste and also market places are been littered around with solid waste from remains of some agricultural produce. More so,only some privilage people benefit from home collection of the solid waste ,this is due to the fact most of the streets are inassible.As in many other cities this people are been left with little or no chioce but to dump their solid waste in open spaces,water bodies,buried,drainage channels, burnt, deposite along roadsi des and streets.Deposition of this solid waste into drainage,will course the drainage to blocked and mit result to flooding in the city.Like the case of 2002 when flooding and lanslide occure in variouse slums and gettos in the city of Limbe.The is also the prevelence of some diseases and parasites like malaria,cholera,diarrheaand hookworm been coused by inproper waste disposal. Photos of enviromental problems of inproper waste deposition in limbe. a Source:fako news center.com(2005) Environmental and health of solid waste management Health provides an important tracer to indicate the quality of the population-environment relationship(Ness 2001). Enviromental effects:In the enviroment,chemicals and other containments found in solid waste can sleep into our ground water and can alsobe carried by rain water into our rivers and lakes that which provide essential wildlife habitat.these contaminates can also end up in our ground water,rivers and lakes that are sources for drinking water.The major enviromental effects include waste pollution from- pollution from disposal site.It also include air pollution, which includes smoke,odour,dust,noise,etc. Waste Disposal Final disposal in most economically cities in Cameroon is usually a matter of transporting the collected waste to the nearest open space and discharging them. Other forms of disposal like animal feeding, ploughing into soil, open burning and dumping in water bodies or wetlands contribute to environmental hazards ad human health problems.Institutional and financial constraints are one of the main reason for inadequate waste disposal. The lacking of good solid waste disposal system in some areas in Cameroon and Afica as a hole,had contributes to the spread of infectiouse diseases.The method of solid waste removal also varies,with the a high level of segregation .The poorest neighborhoods facing the bigest problems with inadequate solid waste removal system, due to lack of roads.Some of this poor housholds or nighborhood rely on the pivate sector,those who can not provide deposite their waste in pits outside their homes,in rivers,by the road side and by burning.All this will give rise to solid waste health problems and prevalance of diarhoea,because some of them do drink from the rivers that they emty their waste into. In proper waste disposal can also led to poor drainage and blocked gutters.This block gutters,streams and drainage channels contributes to flooding usaually during the rainy season. Air pollution A number of factors does account for air pollution in urban cities,usaually the traditional system of waste burning ,emissions from cars,trucks,busses and not living out industrial emissions present in these urban cities.Air pollution is responsible for so many health problems in Cameroon as a hole,like premature deaths ,food contamination in polluted regions.Air pollution also disttroy the hozone layer and affect forest growth. Health effects: This includes: mosquitoes breed in standing water in block drains, cans and standing pool of rain water;the presence of rats;rats spreads diseases like salmonella,typlius, leptospirosis and they also spiol millions of tons of foodand house hold materials; flies also carry germs on bodies and legs nad also excrete them. Population effect on solid waste Management Population growth has always affected waste generation in Cameroon,collection and invariable disposal due to population drowth and high standars of living amoung some of the inhabitants of Limbe. The is rapid population growth taking place in Limbe and this has a negative impact on both the environment and waste generation in the city. With many other urban cities in Africa, cities in Cameroon (like Limbe) are faced with the double problems of population increase and rapid expansion.These phenomena above have brouth increasing strain on urban infrastructural development.Waste management has been one of the areas this strian has occure,where the existing system can no longer cope with the mountain of waste generated and heaped on the surface and open fields.Finally population size and growth,goes along with increased pollution and environmental decay. Slums and ghettos Due to poorverty,many cities had given birth to slums and gettos in many third world countries . This had led to the rise in enviromental health nad social problems.Cameroonians due live in slum nieghborhoods in city,because they can not afford the high cost to rent a room or flat in this big ciities.Left will no alltanative but to turn to this slum and swampy areas to construt their little shanties houses,with no building permit from the city council or land tenure.With the government authorities allways coming around to distroy them,because they are some time located in hazardouse areas,like slopes,flood prone areas and industraial zones.Slum dwellers allways record high level of poor health problems due to poor infrastructure and dirthy enviroment.Poor solid waste management is also common iin slum areas,this led to the prevalence of diseases, malaria and infant mortality rates. Methods of Disposal Open Dumping Open dump as a solid waste disposal method, open dump is an uncontrolled sytem and has not been subject of engineering design.This type of solid waste disposal method had been adoubted in Limbe,commonly refers to as landfill. In most of the urban and rural areas of Cameroon,open domping is the most preffered way for final solid waste disposal.Although,the fovernment of Cameroon and municipalities had develop sanitory landfill sites in a few urban and rural areas,open dumping still remains the cheapest and most effective solution to get rid of solid waste .The distance of such sanitry landfill is often too distantly located for the population to used,as compare to the open dumlocation around the municipality. The sites are to far from the main source of waste generation,there by increases transfer costs and additional inverstments for the construction of roads and transportation.These open dumpsites in due time will become haven for flies, insects,animals and man alike. Composition and Recycling of solid waste Although composting is also a preferred method of solid waste disposal,due to the high level of organic material found in the waste composition.This method is not very popular in Cameroon,though there are some small-scale composting plants in the country,which has shown very limited success. Composting plants are not recording succes in Cameroon because of the high maintance and operating costs and lack of effective marketing. Many municipalities in Cameroon are using educational campaigns and highring workers to conduct door to door collection of recyclables waste materials.In city like Limbe,organic wastes are coposted at home backyards and waste such as plastics are doump near the beach or buried.Burning of combustible waste is also widely practise amoung the inhabitants of Limbe city. Recycling is widely practiced by the informal sector waste pickers or by the solid waste management staff themselves for extra income. Collection of recyclable waste is done in several steps such as households (door to door collection), transfer stations and even in the disposal sites. Such work is done in a very labor-intensive and unsafe way, and for very low incomes. Recovered and recyclable products then enter a chain of dealers, or processing before they are finally sold to manufacturing enterprises. The main items that are recycled include soft and hard plastics, glass, steel, paper, cardboard, aluminium and alloys etc.(C. Visvanathan and Ulrich Glawe 2006). Legal,Social and Finacial Issues of Solid Waste Management in Cameroon Cameroon is facing legal,financial and social problems in terms of solid waste management. Considering the enviromental issues in the countrys development,municipalities and the government of Cameroon are hard to extend and formulate enviromental legislation. Public awareness and public participation is a major step in effective implementation of the solid waste management system. Therefore, co-operation from the citizens is a vital aspect in managing solid wastes of a city. Habits and attitudes of inhabitants of a city largely affect waste management system. Hence, social aspect can not be separated from the overall waste management system. Therefore, environmental education from schools to develop the awareness of the general public becomes important. Participatory urban enviromental planning and magagement approach Paticipatory approch will focuses on the activities in solving waste management issues in Limbe and Cameroon as a hole.The paticipatory programme will empahasises on the need for local enviromental methodologies and planning among all urban enviroment and development stakeholders.The aim of this programme is to attain urban environmental improvements through recyling and waste collection.The program will also seeks to some enviromental and health concern.The economically empower a group of youths and adults in Limbe to sustain their enviromental livelihoods through waste collection and recycling.The management of municipal solid waste continues to evolve from the traditional confines system of generation to disposal,through waste collection and transportation,to intergrated waste management system.The morden solid waste management system encompases source reduction,recovery, and recycling of waste materials.At the momment the management capabilities of the urban councils are weak,due to lack of natural and economic resources.Attempts to deal with this urban enviromental issues had been a major problem and making it difficult for them to succed. The management of solid waste management in Limbe city can be discribed as been inadequate and inefficent as evidenced can be seen by the indiscriminating dumping of waste on road sides,public places fileds and streams.This is evident in the slums and suburbs where heaps of rubbish can be seen almost everywere,coursing the place to be liteared with flies and the spread of so many diseases causing a lot of discomfort to the population.This problem will need both financial human resources put together with full plans to ensure the delivery of an effective solid waste management system.Workshops will be held with variouse stakeholders and participants from the city to identify pertinent enviromental solid waste management problem needing redress in the city.The objectives of these workshops will also include identification of mitigatory maesures to ameliorate the identified enviromental problems. Role of Stakeholders In other of the government of Cameroon to achieve sustainability in solid waste management,it is important to look at the roles of the variouse stake holders involve in power structures prevalent in solid waste management. Experience in several different African countries has shown that cooperation and coordination between the different stakeholder groups like city council, provincial government, service users, NGOS, CBOS,the private sector (formal and informal), and donor agencies, will ultimately lead to increase sustainability of the waste management system, such as changes in behavior and sharing of financial responsibilities. On the other hand, ignoring certain activities or groups will result in decreased sustainability of the system, for example in the form of negative public health effects or increased unemployment (Nyachhyon, 2004). Non-Governmental Organisatios(NGOs) Many NGOs in Cameroon operate between the private and government realms.These NGOs are strongly motivated by humanitarian and developmental concerns.These NGOs at times help to increase the capacity of paople and community groups to have an active role in local solid waste mangement.They help to create peoples awareness of solid waste management problems affecting their local community;they also act as the voice of the Community Based Organisations in municipal planning and implimentation processes;they also provide channels of communication between Community Based Oraganisation and the government authorities and finally the transfer of technical know-how of locally active Community Based Organisations. Whilst privatization basically involves the transfer of management responsibility and ownership from the public to the private sector and has proved to be a powerful means of improving the efficiency of some waste management services such as collection, haulage and disposal. Operating in various forms of partnership with the public sector, they may provide capital, management and organizational capacity, labor and technical skills (UN, 2000). Private Sector Paticipation Private sectors in Cameroon,just like the NGOs play very important role in municipal solid waste management of the country.Specially in the city of Limbe,were HYSACAM which is a private sector is participating more in street sweeping,door to door collection and waste transfer.The involvement of the private sector had help the collection of garbage to be more efficient and addition it has also help to reduce both the financial and human resources of the Limbe Municipal Council.Private sectors are more effective,than the government in all aspect of solid waste management in Cameroon. Community Based Organisations(CBOs) Finally community based organization is an essential element in ensuring the effectiveness of the solid waste management project in Cameroonand increasing the likelihood of its sustainability.In most African countries,like in Cameroon women do play important role in many community based organisations.They also have a common initiative group known as women empowerment .Women are mostly responsible for house-keeping and its enviroment clean.Women have shown active participation in various measurs of solid waste management. .(C. Visvanathan and Ulrich Glawe 2006). Recommendations The government of Cameroon should support NGOs and private sector in required areas,most espacially in the area of organising maintenace workshops and enlightened programme,which should include grassroots participatory and input.The government of Cameroon and the Limbe urban council should fund the variouse agencies responsible for collection and disposal of all types of wastes effective. Expanding land fills managemnet and control;waste to energy programs can be generated through the land fills. In terms of population increase,there should also be a room for international co-operation towards achieving the action plans.There is also an urgetnt need for action plans and education in order to monitor and control waste expected in Limbe.There is also a need for purchase of recent equipments used for solid waste management;there is and urgent of new equipments like tipper,trucks,vehicles,pay loaders,road sweeper,bulldozer and well train staff.All these most be backed up with well trained stocked maintenance and spare parts for all the equipment. There should be separate solid waste management system for hospitals,health care establishments and industries to prevent the infectious and hazardous waste from entering the municipal waste stream. Limbe urban council shoul organise refuse collection both from residential and industrial estates.There should be a disposal site in each street of Limbe and also avenue nearest to the sources of waste,it should be accesible to every one and also the collection should be daily and regularly. There is a need for more efective and up to date domestic waste transfer station and also there should be at least one domestic waste incineration plants in Limbe constructed with a daily waste treatment capacity of at least 1000 tons,which can help to generate electricity through incineration so as to recover the energy out of wastes. Conclusion Most of the African countries do not have firm grip on any sustainable method of municipal solid waste management. Cameroon government and urban councils are copying ill-adapted global strategies and technologies not suitable to the local realities.The management of municipal solid waste in Cameroon urban cities still have many problems which needs to be address.The existing collection facilities and regulation systems of solid waste management do not fit the present requirements.Most of the municipal solid waste collected at the source are not been sperated, treatment and collection facilities are limited,collected waste are mostly doumped haphazardly on the streets and open areas in Limbe.The Government of Cameroon,Limbe urban council, NGOs and private sectors are working hard in this field,but more still has to be added to the existing efforts.The main solid waste management strategies needs to be remedy,this should include admendment of current laws and regulations,improve curren t solid waste management system and introduce calssified collections. The Limbe urbn council are not adequately exploring or using local intiatives and strategies, which could go a long way to improve on solid waste management within Limbe municipality.They should be locally adapted techniques,which involve collaboration with the stakeholders and coordination with the government will be very important.The iplimentation of all these above strategies will help to solve some of the solide waste management and enviroomental pollution problems to a large extent.

Characterization, Theme, and Imagery of Ray Bradburys The Pedestrian :: Ray Bradbury, The Pedestrian

Two Works Cited Mankind has made great leaps toward progress with inventions like the television. However, as children give up reading and playing outdoors to plug into the television set, one might wonder whether it is progress or regression. In "The Pedestrian," Ray Bradbury has chosen to make a statement on the effects of these improvements. Through characterization and imagery, he shows that if mankind advances to the point where society loses its humanity, then mankind may as well cease to exist. Bradbury has elected to reflect the humanity of mankind in the character of Mr. Mead. First of all, Mr. Mead is associated with warm, bright light, which is symbolic of soul. If, during his night walks, people are alerted to his presence, "lights ... click on" (104). In essence, the embodiment of humanity is about. Mr. Mead's house beams "loud yellow illumination" (105). Since literature not only records the history of mankind but also evokes deep feeling among men, it brings this occupation close to the heart of humanity. Third, Mr. Mead is close to nature. Something as simple as taking a walk is "what Mr. Leonard Mead most dearly loved to do" (104). Man is most human when surrounded by the elements. Also, Mr. Mead's shadow is described as the "shadow of a hawk," relating him to a wild and free-spirited bird (104). Last, Mr. Mead is brought into a parallel with the most tender and human holiday observed in the western world when the rush of cold air makes his lungs "blaze like a Chr istmas tree" (104). The combination of these elements makes Mr. Mead a true representative of humanity. As a contrast to the humanity portrayed by Mr. Mead, Bradbury has mirrored the characteristics of progress in the police car. The car, as well as Mr. Mead, is associated with light. The light of the car, however, displays the absence of humanity. Rather than the "warm" light of Mr. Mead, the car possesses a "fierce" and "fiery" light that holds humanity "fixed" like a "museum specimen"--something from the past that should be looked at behind an impersonal plate of glass (105-06). When not holding humanity captive, the car's lights revert to "flashing ... dim lights," showing the absence of any real soul (106). The car is representative of several modern inventions, thereby embodying mankind's advancement. It is itself a robot, and it speaks in a "phonograph voice" through a "radio throat" (105-06). Characterization, Theme, and Imagery of Ray Bradbury's The Pedestrian :: Ray Bradbury, The Pedestrian Two Works Cited Mankind has made great leaps toward progress with inventions like the television. However, as children give up reading and playing outdoors to plug into the television set, one might wonder whether it is progress or regression. In "The Pedestrian," Ray Bradbury has chosen to make a statement on the effects of these improvements. Through characterization and imagery, he shows that if mankind advances to the point where society loses its humanity, then mankind may as well cease to exist. Bradbury has elected to reflect the humanity of mankind in the character of Mr. Mead. First of all, Mr. Mead is associated with warm, bright light, which is symbolic of soul. If, during his night walks, people are alerted to his presence, "lights ... click on" (104). In essence, the embodiment of humanity is about. Mr. Mead's house beams "loud yellow illumination" (105). Since literature not only records the history of mankind but also evokes deep feeling among men, it brings this occupation close to the heart of humanity. Third, Mr. Mead is close to nature. Something as simple as taking a walk is "what Mr. Leonard Mead most dearly loved to do" (104). Man is most human when surrounded by the elements. Also, Mr. Mead's shadow is described as the "shadow of a hawk," relating him to a wild and free-spirited bird (104). Last, Mr. Mead is brought into a parallel with the most tender and human holiday observed in the western world when the rush of cold air makes his lungs "blaze like a Chr istmas tree" (104). The combination of these elements makes Mr. Mead a true representative of humanity. As a contrast to the humanity portrayed by Mr. Mead, Bradbury has mirrored the characteristics of progress in the police car. The car, as well as Mr. Mead, is associated with light. The light of the car, however, displays the absence of humanity. Rather than the "warm" light of Mr. Mead, the car possesses a "fierce" and "fiery" light that holds humanity "fixed" like a "museum specimen"--something from the past that should be looked at behind an impersonal plate of glass (105-06). When not holding humanity captive, the car's lights revert to "flashing ... dim lights," showing the absence of any real soul (106). The car is representative of several modern inventions, thereby embodying mankind's advancement. It is itself a robot, and it speaks in a "phonograph voice" through a "radio throat" (105-06).

Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 20~23

20 Leadership's a Bitch The storm had been easy on the Shark People. A little thatch lost from a roof here and there, a cookhouse blown over, some breadfruit and coconuts stripped from the trees, but not enough to cause hardship. Some seawater had washed into the taro patch, but only time would tell if it was enough to kill the crop. The Shark People went slowly about the business of cleaning up, the women doing most of the work while the men sat in the shade of the men's house, drinking alcoholic tuba and pretending to discuss important religious matters. Mainly they were there to pass the heat of the day and get good and drunk before dinner. Malink, the high chief of the Shark People, was late rising. He awoke shivering and afraid, trying to figure out how to interpret a strange dream. He rolled off of his grass sleeping mat, then rose creakily and ambled out of the hut to relieve himself at the base of a giant breadfruit tree. He was a short, powerfully built man of sixty. His hair was bushy and gone completely white. His skin, once a light butterscotch, had been burned over the years to the dark brown of a tarnished penny. Like most of the Shark men, he wore only a cotton loincloth and a wreath of fresh flowers in his hair (left there by one of his four daughters while he slept). The image of a shark was tattooed on his left pectoral muscle, a B-26 bomber on the other. He went back into the hut and pulled a steel ammo box out of the rafters. Inside lay a nylon web belt with a holster that held a portable phone, his badge of leadership, his direct line to the Sorcerer. The only time he had ever used it was when one of his daughters had come down with a fever during the night. He had pushed the button and the Sorcerer had come to the village and given her medicine. He was afraid to use the phone now, but the dream had told him that he must deliver a message. Malink would have liked to go down to the men's house and discuss his decision for a few hours with the others, but he knew that he couldn't. He had to deliver the dream message. Vincent had said so, and Vincent knew everything. As he pushed the button, he wished he had never been born a chief. The High Priestess was also sleeping late, as she always did. The Sorcerer jostled her and she pulled the sheets over her head. â€Å"What?† â€Å"I just got a call from Malink. He says he's had a message from Vincent.† The High Priestess was awake now. Wide awake. She sat upright in bed and the Sorcerer's eyes fell immediately to her naked breasts. â€Å"What do you mean he's had a message from Vincent? I didn't give him any message.† The Sorcerer finally looked up at her face. â€Å"He was terrified. He said that Vincent came to him in a dream and told him – get this – to tell me that ‘the pilot was alive and on his way, and to wait for him.'† She rubbed the sleep out of her eyes and shook her head. â€Å"I don't get it. How did he know about a pilot coming? Did you say something?† â€Å"No, did you?† â€Å"Are you kidding? I'm not stupid, Sebastian, despite what you might think.† â€Å"Well, how did he find out? The guards don't know anything. I haven't said anything.† â€Å"Maybe it's a coincidence,† she said. â€Å"Maybe he was just having bad dreams from the storm. Vincent is all he thinks about. It's all any of them think about.† The Sorcerer stood and backed away from the bed, eyeing her suspiciously. â€Å"Coincidence or not, I don't like it. I think you need to have an audience with the Shark People and give them a direct message from Vincent. This whole operation depends on us being the voice of Vincent. We can't let them think that they can reach him directly.† He turned and started out of the room. â€Å"Sebastian,† she said and the Sorcerer paused and looked over his shoulder at her. â€Å"What about the pilot? What if Malink is right about the pilot being on his way?† â€Å"Don't be stupid, Beth. The only way to control the faithful is to not become one of them.† He turned to leave and was struck in the back of the head by a high-velocity whiskey tumbler. He turned as he dropped to the floor grasping his head. The High Priestess was standing by the bed wearing nothing but a fine golden chain at her hips and an animal scowl. â€Å"You ever call me stupid again and I'll rip your fucking nuts off.† 21 How the Navigator Got from There to Here Watching the sharks circle the boat, Tuck felt as if he was being sucked down the vortex of a huge bathroom drain. â€Å"We need a better weapon,† Tuck said. He remembered a movie once where Spencer Tracy had battled sharks from a small boat with a knife lashed to an oar. â€Å"Don't we have any oars?† Kimi looked insulted. â€Å"What wrong with me?† â€Å"Not whores. Oars!† Tucker pantomimed rowing. â€Å"For rowing.† â€Å"How I know what you talking about? Malcolme always say oars. ‘Bloody oars,' he say. No, we don't have oars.† â€Å"Bail,† Tuck said. The navigator began scooping water with the coffee can as Tuck did his best to bail with his hands. A half hour later the boat was only partially full of water and the sharks had moved on to easier meals. Tucker fell back onto the bow to catch his breath. The sun was still low in the morning sky, but already it burned his skin. The parts of his body not soaked with seawater were soaked with sweat. He dug into the pack and pulled out the liter bottle of water he had bought the day before. It was half-full and it was all they had. Tuck eyed the navigator, who was bailing intently. He'd never know if Tuck drank all of the water right now. He unscrewed the cap and took a small sip. Nectar of the gods. Keeping his eye on Kimi, he a took a large gulp. He could almost feel his water-starved cells rejoicing at the relief. As he bailed, Kimi sang softly in Spanish to Roberto, who clung to his back. Whenever he tried to hit a high note, his voice cracked like crumpled parchment. Salt was crusted at the corners of his mouth. â€Å"Kimi, you want a drink?† Tucker crawled onto the gas tank and held the bottle out to the navigator. Kimi took the bottle. â€Å"Thank you,† he said. He wiped the mouth of the bottle on his dress and took a deep drink, then poured some water into his palm and held it while Roberto lapped it up. He handed the bottle back to Tucker. â€Å"You drink the rest. You bigger.† Tucker nodded and drained the bottle. â€Å"Who's Malcolme?† â€Å"Malcolme buy me from my mother. He from Sydney. He a pimp.† â€Å"He bought you?† â€Å"Yes. My mother very poor in Manila. She can't feed me, so she sell me to Malcolme when I am twelve.† â€Å"What about your father?† â€Å"He not with us. He a navigator on Satawan. He meet my mother in Manila when he is working on a tuna boat. He marry her and take her to Satawan. She stay for ten years, but she not like it. She say women like dirt to Micronesians. So she take me and go back to Manila when I am nine. Then she sell me to Malcolme. He dress me up and I make big money for him. But he mean to me. He say I have to get rid Roberto, so I run away to find my father to finish teach me to be a navigator. They hear of him on Yap. They say he lost at sea five year ago.† â€Å"And he was the one that taught you to navigate?† Tucker knew it was a snotty question, but he had no idea what to say to someone whose mother had sold him to a pimp. Kimi didn't catch the sarcasm. â€Å"He teach me some. It take long time to be navigator. Sometime twenty, thirty year. You want learn, I teach you.† Tucker remembered how difficult it had been to learn Western navigation for his pilot's license. And that was using sophisticated charts and instru-ments. He could imagine that learning to navigate by the stars – by memory, without charts – would take years. He said, â€Å"No, that's okay. It's different for airplanes. We have machines to navigate now.† They bailed until the sun was high in the sky. Tuck could feel his skin baking. He found some sunscreen in the pack and shared it with Kimi, but it was no relief from the heat. â€Å"We need some shade.† The tarp was gone. He rifled the pack, looking for something they could use for shade, but for once Jake Skye's bag of tricks failed them. By noon Tuck was cursing himself for pouring out the gallon of fresh water during the storm. Kimi sat in the bottom of the boat, stroking Roberto's head and mumbling softly to the panting bat. Tuck tried to pass the time by cleaning his cuts and applying the antibiotic ointment from Jake's first-aid kit. By turning his back and crouching, he was able to create enough privacy to check on his damaged penis. He could see infection around the sutures. He imagined gangrene, amputation, and consequently suicide. Then, looking on the bright side, he realized that he would die of thirst long before the infection had gone that far. 22 Finding Spam The octopus jetted across the bottom, over a giant head of brain coral, and tucked itself into a tiny crevice in the reef. Sarapul could see the light purple skin pulsing in the crevice three fathoms down. He took a deep breath and dove, his spear in hand. The octopus, sensing danger, changed color to the rust brown of the coral around it and adjusted its shape to fit the crannies of its hiding place. Sarapul caught the edge of the crevice with his left hand and thrust in his spear with his right. The spear barely pierced one of the octopus's tentacles and it turned bright red in a chromatic scream, then released its ink. The ink expanded into a smoky cloud in the water. Sarapul dropped his spear to wave the ink away before making another thrust. But his air was gone. He left his spear in the crevice and shot to the surface. The octopus sensed the opening and jetted out of the crevice to a new hiding place before Sarapul knew it was gone. Sarapul broke the surface cursing. Only three fathoms, eighteen feet, and he couldn't stay down long enough to tease an octopus out of its hole. As a young man, he could dive to twelve fathoms and stay down longer than any of the Shark men. He was glad that no one had been there to see him: an old man who could barely feed himself. He pulled off his mask and spit into it, then rinsed it with seawater. He looked out to sea, checking for any sign of the sharks that lived in abund-ance off the reef. There was a boat out there, perhaps half a mile off the reef, drifting. He put on his mask and looked down to get a bearing on his spear so he could retrieve it later. Then he swam a slow crawl toward the drifting boat. He was winded when he reached the boat and he hung on the side for a few minutes, bobbing in the swell, while he caught his breath. He made his way around to the bow and pulled himself up and in. A huge black bat flew up into his face and winged off toward the island. Sarapul cursed and said some magic words to protect himself, then took a deep breath and examined the bodies. A man and a woman – and not long dead. There was no smell and no swelling of the bellies. The meat would still be fresh. It had been too long since he'd tasted the long pig. He pinched the man's leg to test the fat. The man moaned. He was still alive. Even better, Sarapul thought. I can eat the dead one and keep the other one fresh! PART TWO Island of the Shark People 23 Deus Ex Machina The Sky Priestess first appeared in 1944 on the nose of a B-26 bomber. Conjured out of cans of enamel by a young aviator named Jack Moses, she lay cool and naked across the aluminum skin, a red pump dangling from a dainty toe, a smile that promised pleasure that no mortal woman could offer. As soon as Moses laid the final brushstroke on her black-seamed stocking, he knew there was something special about this one, something electric and alive that would break his heart when they flew her off to the Pacific. He caught a kiss in his palm and placed it gently on her bottom, then backed down the ladder to survey his work. He stood on the tarmac for perhaps half an hour, just looking at her, charmed, wishing that he could take her home, or to a museum, or lift her off the skin of the bomber and put her on the ceiling of a cathedral. Jack Moses didn't notice the major standing at his side until the older man spoke. â€Å"She's something,† the major said. And although he wasn't sure why, he removed his hat. â€Å"Ain't she,† Moses said. â€Å"She's off to Tinian tomorrow. Wish I was going with her.† The major reached out and squeezed Moses's shoulder; he was a little short of breath and the Sky Priestess had set off a stag film in his head. â€Å"Put some clothes on her, son. We can't have muffin showing up on a newsreel.† â€Å"Yes, sir. I don't have to put a top on her, do I?† The major smiled. â€Å"Son, you put a top on her, I'll have you court-marshaled.† â€Å"Yes, sir.† Moses saluted the major and scampered back up the ladder with his brushes and his red enamel and painted a serpentine scarf between her legs. A week later, as a young pilot named Vincent Bennidetti was leading his crew across the runway to take the Sky Priestess on her first mission, he turned to his navigator and said, â€Å"I'd give a year's pay to be that scarf.† A half century away, Beth Curtis pinned a big red bow into her hair, then, one at a time, worked sheer black-seamed stockings up her legs. She stood in front of the mirror and tied the red scarf around her waist, letting the ends trail long between her legs. She stepped into the red pumps, did a quick turnaround in the mirror, and emerged from her bungalow to the sound of the Shark People's drums welcoming her, the Sky Priestess. Vincent Bennidetti and his crew flew the Sky Priestess on twelve missions and sank six Japanese ships before a fusillade from a Japanese destroyer punctured her wing tanks and took out her right engine. But even as they were limping back toward Tinian, trailing smoke and fuel, the crew of the Sky Priestess knew she watched over them. They were, after all, charmed. For the price of a blown kiss or a pat on the bottom, the Sky Priestess had ushered them into battle like a vicious guardian angel, shielding them even as the other bombers in their squadron flamed into the sea around them. She had shown them where to drop their bombs, then led them through the smoke and the flak back to Valhalla. Home. Safe. The copilot chattered over the intercom to the navigator, airspeed, fuel consumption, and now descent rate. If they lost any more airspeed, the B-26 would stall, so Captain Vinnie was bringing her down into sweet, thick lower air at the rate of a hundred feet per minute. But the lower they flew, the faster the fuel would burn. â€Å"I'm going to level her off at two thousand,† Captain Vinnie said. The navigator did some quick calculations and came back with: â€Å"At two thousand we'll be short of base by three hundred miles, Captain. I recommend we level at three thousand for a safer bailout.† â€Å"Oh ye of little fucking faith,† Vincent said. â€Å"Check your charts for somewhere we can ditch her.† The navigator checked their position on the charts. There was a flyspeck atoll named Alualu about forty nautical miles to the south. And it showed that it was now in American hands. He relayed the information to the captain. â€Å"The chart shows an uncompleted airstrip. We must have chased the Japs out before they finished it.† â€Å"Give me a course.† â€Å"Sir, there might not be anything there.† â€Å"Ya fuckin' mook, look out the window. You see anything but water?† The navigator gave him the course. Vincent patted the throttles and said, â€Å"Come on, sweetheart. You get us there safe and I'll build you a shrine.† Sarapul was heading for the beach and the men's drinking circle when he heard the drums welcoming the Sky Priestess. That white bitch was stealing his fire again. He'd been thinking all afternoon about what he would say at the drinking circle: how the Shark People needed to return to the old ways and how he had just the ritual to get everyone started. Nothing like a little cannibalism to get people thinking right. But now that was all ruined. Everyone would be out on the airstrip, drumming and chanting and marching around like a bunch of idiots, and when the Sky Priestess finally left and the men finally did show up at the drinking circle, all they would talk about was the wonderful words of Vincent. Sarapul wouldn't be able to get a word in edgewise. He took the path that led away from the village and made his way toward the runway. After all, the Sky Priestess might pass out some good cargo and he didn't want to miss out on his share. Sarapul had been permanently banished from the village of the Shark People ever since one of the chief's grandchildren had mysteriously disap-peared and was later found in the jungle with Sarapul, who was building a child-sized earthen oven (an oom) and gathering various fragrant fire woods. Oh, the men tolerated him at the nightly drinking circle, and he was allowed to share in the village's take of shark meat, and the members of his clan saw to it that he got part of the wonderful cargo passed out by the Sorcerer and the Sky Priestess, but he was forbidden to enter the village when women and chil-dren were present. He lived alone in his little hut on the far side of the island and was regarded by the Shark People as little more than a monster to frighten children into behaving: â€Å"You stay inside the reef or old Sarapul will catch you and eat you.† Actually, scaring children was the only real joy Sarapul had left in life. As he emerged from the jungle, the old cannibal saw the torches where the Shark People waited in a semicircle around a raised platform. He stopped in a grove of betel nut palms, sat on the ground, and watched. He heard a click from the PA speakers mounted on the gate across the runway and the Shark People stopped drumming. Two of the Japanese guards ap-peared out of the compound and Sarapul felt the hair rise on his neck as they rolled back the gate and fifty years of residual hatred rose in his throat like acid. The Japanese had killed his wife and children, and if there was any single reason to return to the old ways of the warrior, it was to take revenge on the guards. Music blared out of the PA speakers: Glenn Miller's â€Å"String of Pearls.† The Shark People turned toward the gate and dropped to their knees. Pillars of red smoke rose from either side of the gate and wafted across the runway like sulfurous serpents. The distant whine of airplane propellers replaced the big band sound from the PA and grew into a roar that ended with a flash and explosion that sent a mushroom cloud of smoke a hundred feet into the night sky. And half-naked, the Sky Priestess walked out of the smoke into the moonlight. Chief Malink turned to his friend Favo and said, â€Å"Excellent boom.† â€Å"Very excellent boom,† Favo said. â€Å"There it is,† the copilot said. The B-26 was sputtering on her last few drops of fuel. Vincent nosed her over and started his descent. â€Å"There's a strip cut right across the center of the island. Let's hope we didn't bomb the shit out of it when the Japs had it.† His last few words seemed unusually loud as the engine cut out. â€Å"No go-around, boys. We're going down. Rig for a rough one and be ready for extreme dampness if we come in short.† Vincent could see patches of dirt on the airstrip, as well as fingers of vines and undergrowth from the jungle trying to reclaim the clearing. â€Å"You going in gear up?† the copilot asked, thinking that they might have a better chance of survival going over a bomb crater if they skidded in on the plane's belly. â€Å"Gear down,† Bennidetti said, making it a command. â€Å"We might be able to land her gear up, but she'd never take off again.† â€Å"Gear down and locked,† the copilot said. They glided in about ten feet over the reef. A dozen Shark men who were standing on the reef dove underwater as the airplane passed over them as silent and ominous as a manta ray. Bennidetti flared the B-26 to drop the rear gear first and they bounced over a patch of ferns and began the rocket slide down the coral gravel airstrip. Without the engines to reverse thrust, Vincent had only the wheel brakes to stop the bomber. He applied them gingerly at first, then, realizing that the runway was obscured by vines that might be covering a bomb crater, laid into them, causing the wheels to plow furrows into the gravel and filling the still air with a thick white cloud of dust. â€Å"We still burning?† Vincent asked the copilot over the rumble. The copilot looked out the window. â€Å"Can't see anything but a little black smoke.† The bomber rolled to a stop and a cheer went up from the crew. â€Å"Everybody out. Now,† Vincent ordered. â€Å"We still might have fire. They stumbled over each other to get out of the plane into the dust cloud. Bennidetti led them away at a run. They were a hundred yards from the plane before anyone looked back. â€Å"She looks okay, Captain. No fire.† That set off a round of cheering and backslapping and when they turned around again they saw group of native children approaching them from the jungle led by a proud ten-year-old boy carrying a spear. â€Å"Let me handle this,† Vincent told the crew as he dug into his flight suit pocket for a Hershey bar. â€Å"Hey, squirts, how you doing?† The boy with the spear stood his ground, keeping his eye trained on the downed bomber while the other children lost their nerve and backed away like scolded puppies. â€Å"We're Americans,† Vincent said. â€Å"Friendly. We are bringing you many good things.† He held the chocolate bar out to the spear boy, who didn't move or take his eyes off of the airplane. Vincent tried again. â€Å"Here, kid. This stuff tastes good. Chocolate.† He smacked his lips and mimed eating the candy bar. â€Å"You savvy American, kid?† â€Å"No,† the boy said. â€Å"I no speak American. I speak English.† Vincent laughed. â€Å"Well, I'm from New York, kid. We don't speak much English there. Go tell your chief that Captain Vincent is here with presents for him from a faraway and most magical place.† â€Å"Who she?† the kid asked, pointing to the image of the Sky Priestess. â€Å"She your queen?† â€Å"She works for me, kid. That's the Sky Priestess. She's bringing presents for your chief.† â€Å"You are chief?† Vincent knew he had to be careful here. He'd heard of island chiefs refusing to deal with anyone but Roosevelt because he was the only American equal to their status. â€Å"I'm higher than chief,† Vincent said. â€Å"I'm Captain Vinnie Fuckin' Bennidetti, Bad-ass of Brooklyn, High Emperor of the Allied Forces, Pilot of the Magic Sky Priestess, Swinging Dick of the Free Fuckin' World, and Protector of the Innocent. Now take me to your chief, squirt, before I have the Sky Priestess burn you to fucking ashes.† â€Å"Christ, Cap'n!† the bombardier said. Vincent shot him a grin over his shoulder. The kid bowed his head. â€Å"Christ, Cap'n. I am Malink, chief of the Shark People.† The Sky Priestess came out of the smoke and took her place in the middle of the semicircle of Shark People. Women kept their eyes to the ground even as they pushed their children forward, hoping that they would be the next to be chosen. The Sky Priestess threw the tails of her scarf over her shoulder and the music from the PA system stopped abruptly. The Shark People fell to their knees and waited for her words, the words of Vincent. It had been months since anyone had been chosen. Malink rose and approached the Sky Priestess with a coconut shell cup of the special tuba they had made for her. He was as stunned by her now as when he had first seen her painted on the side of Vincent's plane. She drained the cup and handed it back to the chief, who bowed over it. â€Å"Still tastes like shit,† she said. â€Å"Tastes like shit!† the Shark People chanted. Beth Curtis turned her head to suppress a smile and a belch. When she turned back to Malink, her eyes were fury. â€Å"Who speaks for Vincent?† â€Å"The Priestess of the Sky,† Malink answered. â€Å"Who brings the words and cargo from Vincent?† â€Å"The Priestess of the Sky,† Malink repeated. â€Å"And who takes the chosen to Vincent?† â€Å"The Priestess of the Sky,† Malink said again, backing away a step. He'd never seen her so angry. â€Å"And who else, Malink?† â€Å"No one else.† â€Å"Damn straight no one else!† She spat so violently she nearly disengaged the bow from her hair. â€Å"You told the Sorcerer that Vincent came to you in a dream. This is not true.† The Shark People gasped. Despite what the Sky Priestess and the Sorcerer thought, Malink had told none of his people about the dream. But Malink was confused. He had dreamed of Vincent. â€Å"Vincent said that the pilot is coming. That he is still alive.† â€Å"Vincent speaks only through me.† â€Å"But – â€Å" â€Å"No coffee or sugar for a month,† the Sky Priestess said. She pulled her scarf from her shoulders and the music began again. The Shark People watched as she walked away. There was an explosion across the runway and the Sky Priestess disappeared into the smoke.

The Dead

As we saw in the movie The Dead, the main element of the plot centers on the connection between life and Death, the living and the Dead, and the connection between the past and present. Throughout the film, this connection is made apparent either directly through the reminiscing of characters, young and old, or by external factors within the story. One major factor that hasnt been mentioned, is the importance of music throughout this film. It intertwines its essence amongst practically ever major character, linking one small story to the next, hinting towards a great mystery to be revealed at the end of the movie. As you yourself wrote, Prof. Roman, in your article about Joyces written short story, He constructed his tale almost as if it were a musical piece: the notes, the melodies, the pauses (spaces) and rhythms evolving from his words coming from description, dialogue, the intellectual connections to the reader, the fine details of character, object and occurrence.(Roman, Irish Echo, 12/26/87) I hope to show you how from the beginning to end, music exists, not just in the background, but as a basis for character development throughout the film as well as embodying the climax of this movie by Huston, and story by James Joyce. Three areas of focus within the house, as far as music is concerned, are the scenes within the Parlor (living room), Dinning Room, and of course on the Stairs. The first major connection of music with characters exists when the niece of the Morkan Sisters, Mary Jane, is asked to play a piece of music on the piano. Huston gives us a quick glance at somewhat shady emotional connection between Molly Ivers and Gabriel when she gives him a wink. Later on during some dancing through conversation we see that they know one another and are at opposite ends, politically, with regards to the Irish Question. It becomes clear that there maybe at o...

History Coursework- Propaganda in World War One Essay Example

History Coursework History Coursework- Propaganda in World War One   Essay History Coursework- Propaganda in World War One   Essay Essay Topic: Back in the World Stories Brave New World Q1. How effective were the methods of Propaganda used in the First World War in winning continued support for the war effort?It was the job of the War Propaganda Bureau to use the motivational power of propaganda to positively influence the public opinion about the war.One of the most wide reaching methods used by this organisation was the press. Since there was no easy method of mass communication at this time, apart from the newspapers, the power of the written word became even greater during the war years. Though, after the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) was passed in 1916, the government had the power to censor information that was to be given to the public, which gave them the ability to hide the more dreadful realities of war. The newspapers themselves had a big role to play in this censorship- their cynicism lead to the realisation that war atrocity stories would not sell, so instead they published glamorous stories of the British heroes. This combination of censorship with m orale boosting worked very well on the home front; the censored accounts of battle and the portrayal of war life as almost a holiday encouraged men to join up with slogans like,BRITONS Join your countrys army!God save the KingThis patriotic propaganda was mainly aimed at the population at home. It aimed to boost public morale, but whether it helped to sway neutral individuals into supporting the war is questionable. From another angle, the press only had a limited efficacy; the fact that in the front line trenches the stories of epic fighting were held up to ridicule by troops, showed that not everyone was influenced by the media.Another method in which censorship helped the war effort was that it concealed the embarrassing British failures from the public. The loss of the battleship Audacious off Ireland in 1914, for example, was not reported in Britain in an attempt to maintain public confidence.Pro-war propaganda infiltrated almost every area of life, including films, books, spee ches and even poetry. These varied methods all helped to convince the individual that the British cause was a good one. For example, The Old Front Line, a bland account of the Battle of the Somme, sold 20 thousand copies in Britain, which meant that the public hugely underestimated this horrific battle. The film industry also contributed to propaganda on the home front- For The Empire was a massive success, as many as 9 million people are thought to have seen it by the end of 1916. There were also films encouraging women to volunteer for the land-army, and to work in munitions factories etc. Speeches made by leaders in all countries were used as inspirational propaganda- the Times quoted Lloyd George as saying,the British soldier is a good sportsman [and] has fought as a good sportsman.All these methods swaying opinion were widely acknowledged, and on the whole effective in that they were subtle and well disguised.There was already a strong anti-German feeling in Britain by the time war had broken out, and this was strengthened by the stories of German atrocities that regularly filtered into the news. An example of this would be the propaganda coups that came after the sinking, by a German U-Boat, of the British liner the Luisitania whilst on a passage from New York. This was used as propaganda to persuade the USA to join the war, and to convince that the public that the Germans were barbarians as 1,198 civilians died. The more common stories of German barbarianism were mainly aimed at the middle classes to act as a justification to leave their secure lifestyles for the trenches. This propaganda stirred fear and hatred among the population and prepared them for the necessary sacrifices of war. There were posters and slogans issued specifically to dehumanize the enemy-Remember Scarborough!resolve to crush the German Barbarians. ENLIST NOW.These also appealed to the morals of the reader and played to their sense of patriotism. At the start of the war there were countless recruitment posters doing the same thing, and over half a million men had volunteered by the end of the first month. Slogans like the one below tried to make it seem that it wasnt only the army who wanted the men to join up:Women of Britain say GO!Even if such a huge campaign hadnt been launched, I believe the same amount of men would have still joined up. This is because there was a very high level of unemployment at the start of the war, and the army paid comparatively high wages. Since the wartime conditions were so overstated, it appealed to the unemployed working class. Another issue that highlighted the inefficacy of the recruitment plan was the introduction of conscription in 1916. The numbers of men volunteering began to dwindle, ironically, at the time the army most needed them. They had not expected such a high percentage of deaths, so had to introduce conscription. Another reason for this introduction was the fact that the volunteer system was damaging Britains agriculture and industry. Obviously, the propaganda was only affecting one class of society.Due to the nature of propaganda, one can never be completely sure of how far its success actually spread, and how much it affected the individual. On the surface, the Great War propaganda seemed to fulfil its aim, but taking a closer look the system seems to have been somewhat flawed.Q2. Study Source A. How useful is this source to a historian studying recruitment to the army at the start of the First World War?Source A is an extract from a novel by John Harris, and it talks of a recruitment effort, taking place before the showing of a film in August 1914. In order to establish the utility of this source to a historian, we must consider key issues surrounding the source.Firstly, the fact that the extract is taken from a novel indicates that it is almost certainly a work of fiction and if not, then based upon embroidered truth. Secondly, the novel was published in 1961, over 40 years after the period in which the events are set. But these factors, in my opinion, do not diminish the sources utility, as it is clear that the author has fully researched and explored the period because there are a number of accurate historical references within the text. For example, he refers to Kitcheners volunteers and the boys of the Bulldog breed among other things. I can also back up the sources benefit from my own knowledge, as I know that this method of recruitment was actually used at this time in the Great War. The best-remembered example this has to be the case of the Accrington Pals. They are, almost certainly, the most famous of the battalions formed in the early months of the war. They volunteered in response to Kitcheners call for a volunteer army, and a large group of friends and neighbours from both Accrington and neighbouring towns, enlisted together to form a battalion with a distinctively local identity.I believe that despite the fact that this is a work of fiction, and th e discrepancy of time, that this source would genuinely be useful to a historian studying the era. The account given, even though a work of the imagination, rings true as the not only the references, but the descriptions fit the feelings of the public and the events of the time.Q3. The most important aim of wartime propaganda was to encourage hatred of the enemy. Is there sufficient evidence in Sources A-F to support this interpretation?Propaganda is the manipulation of information to influence public opinion. This manipulation took many forms at the time of the Great War and was used in an attempt to influence individuals while leading each one to believe that his response was his own decision.Source C is obviously a source that is taking enemy demonisation to its limits. It shows the Kaiser standing over the crumpled heaps of a women and child, holding a smoking gun in his hand. Behind him is a scene of utter devastation, and he stands proud in the centre of it with his chest out and his flag high. Beneath the cartoon is the ironic caption- The triumph of culture.This cartoon is by the celebrated Great War cartoonist, Bernard Partridge, and was published whilst the war was in its very earliest days in August 1914. The cartoon evidently has the intention of encouraging hatred of the enemy, and exaggerating his ruthlessness. I believe the cartoon is exaggerating the state of affairs, not only for public benefit, but also because on the day that this cartoon was published, the war was still only 20 days old.Anti-German propaganda not only fuelled support for the war, but it also contributed to intolerance on the home front. Other effective strategies for the demonisation of the Germans were the uses of both leaflets and atrocity stories, and these strategies were widely used. The most famous of example of the latter was the story of the German factory, which supposedly made soap from boiled up corpses.Source C is not the only aspect of useful wartime propaganda represented within the sources however. Demonisation of the enemy infact only constituted a small proportion of the propaganda scheme as a whole, since it was mostly aimed at the middle classes. It acted as a justification to leave the comfort of their lifestyle for the harsh reality of war.Both sources A and B are for the promotion and encouragement of Recruitment. Source A is an extract from a novel set in August of 1914. The narrator is talking of the extreme feelings of enthusiasm evoked by the small gestures of 3 cheers for the King, and singing patriotic songs. The public pride was used as the theme for many recruitment efforts. By the middle of September 1914, over 500,000 men had volunteered their services and they formed the basis of Kitcheners volunteer army. Speeches, leaflets, and especially posters were produced to help the recruitment campaign. There was even a campaign to get women to join the land army, and the nursing corps. These forms of recruitment propaganda we re crucial and the 2 sources illustrate this.Source B is an article from a local newspaper, and it is informing a community that one of their young men had performed a particularly gallant act on behalf of his country. This article is plays on the pride of the families when a son or brother goes off to war. The locality of this piece of propaganda makes it all the more effective and powerful.Other forms of Propaganda represented in the sources include Patriotism and Censorship. These two varieties of propaganda are closely linked. This is because the morale of the public back home was very important in the Great War, as they needed to feel pride and confidence in the British army. This is where censorship comes in. The soldiers needed the faith of the population back home and so the government protected the public from the more horrific aspects of war through Censorship.Promoting patriotism constituted the greatest part of the propaganda effort, with speeches and films made especial ly to maintain the public faith and encourage pride. Many posters and newspaper articles were released to persuade people to Be Patriotic and to save food among other things. Both Sources E and B are promoting patriotism. Source B is on a local level, informing the local parish of a gallant deed performed by a young man from their neighbourhood. On the other hand, Source F is patriotism on a national level; it is an account of the Battle of the Somme published in a national newspaper. It is a very sanitised account of this dreadful battle, and it is giving the population pride in the bravery of their soldiers. The article is not out-rightly lying; it is only leaving out the horrific details and emotions of war.Source F, when cross-referenced with Source E, shows Censorship. Censorship was a vital form of government propaganda, as was discovered at the start of the war. When footage of what life was like for the soldiers on the front line was shown, the public reaction was one of hys teria. The reporter in Source F is saying how his reports do not tell the whole truth, as the public could not handle the reality and the pain felt by all those who had lost relatives. Another form of Censorship was the ban on film for private cameras. The government decided that no images of the conditions of the western front must reach the people at home.Not all government propaganda was issued to encourage support of the war; some articles and letters were printed by pacifists and religious groups persuading the population to abstain from war. This type of propaganda is shown in Source D, which states the views of the Independent Labour Party, who were a socialist party. They believe that the values of socialism transcend all war, and goes against the fundamentals of socialism. This Manifesto on the War was printed on the 11th August 1914, only a matter of days after war was declared. The socialists were making their position very clear.This collection of sources demonstrates th e wide range of forms propaganda took during the Great War. Although demonisation of the enemy played an important role in the Propaganda scheme, the information given in the sources does not support the belief that it was the most important. All evidence considered, only one of the sources shows support for this belief.